Advantages and Disadvantages of Organizational Structures Essay

Departmentalization: Advantage- More specialized in certain fields, communication is excellent because of the knowledge one has about the function of the job, easier to work as a team to get better results. Disadvantage-Staff does not always know the case of the client in detail, other organizations may not always talk to the same person, and very specific job knowledge is required, hard to find a fill in for positions. Matrix Organizations: Advantages-more flexible than departmentalization, more than one person in charge that one can go to for assistance, wider choice for employees that fit the need. Disadvantages-employees are harder to manage due to independence, could increase expenses, more employees needed, lack of loyalty to position, constant team work needed. The Project Team: Advantages-less managers, better communication, less stress on one person. Disadvantages-who is in charge may create conflict, lack of consideration for others, lack of accountability, lack of job focus. The collegial model: Advantages-independent functioning, independent decision making, each person is equal in responsibility, each generates own income, total flexibility. Disadvantages-lack of accountability, lack of authority. In day to day operations the Matrix structure would serve well for a counseling center as its advantages are stronger than its disadvantages, Project Team structure would be the better choice for the center as it has a stronger back bone to carry the center. The Departmentalization structure is the strongest of all choices as it divides the employees by knowledge and has a better opportunity to assist clients. The collegial model would not be efficient in a counseling center as there is no real set structure for day to day operations; its disadvantages are stronger than its advantages.

Philippine Poetry Essay

Even before the foreign invaders came to the Philippines, the Filipinos already had their own cultural traditions, folklore, mythologies and epics. There were substantial writings by early natives that Jesuit historian Fr. Pedro Chirino noted: â€Å"All of the islanders are much given to reading and writing. And there is hardly a man, much less a woman who did not read and write. † Epics are stories that are written in poetic form. They are usually described to display such tremendous vitality, color and imagination. Epic stories are tales about love and adventures of native heroes. The heroes’ adventures are usually about how they become endowed with powers from the gods, battle monsters, triumph over formidable armies, ride the wind, travel on flying shields and protect the earliest communities of the islands. Through the years, epic poems have grown and matured. Early historians like Padre Colin, Joaquin Martinez de Zuniga and Antonio Pigafetta have all attested to the existence of these epics. At the arrival of Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in 1565, it was reported, the natives presented him with a dramatic play. During festivities and special occasions, epic poems and songs area performed. Most often, these epic poems (folk epics or ethno-epics) were titled after the names of the hero involved, except for some which carry traditional titles like the Kalinga Ulalim; the Sulod Hinilawod; the Maranao Darangan; or the Bicol Ibalon. Old Time History, as stories about folk heroes of long ago are referred to, is used to study the lifestyle and beliefs of the people of that time. They were also referred to as lost, because they were soon forgotten by natives influenced heavily by Spanish and â€Å"western† colonization. It has been said that during the early days of the Spanish intrusions, the priests destroyed all existing records of paganism, as well as all forms of writing and art work regarding the ancient Philippine folk heroes. This has been proven to be false due to the fact that the early epic poetry is still known and used at present as reference in studies of the past especially the lifestyle, love and aspirations of the early Filipinos. This valuable inheritance from the past must be preserved for this can be used as a proof for national identity. It is from these that a Filipino can feel heroic, truly pulsating with splendor of a magnificent and authentic cultural force. Being composed of thousands of islands, it is no wonder that the country is rich in culture and tradition with various influences in different parts of the nation. As a result, the Philippines has become a melting pot of nations and is a source of a rich variety of culture and stories. The following are some examples of the epic poetry found in the country.

Games to Life Essay

Pong, Super Mario Bros. , and Pac-Man are a couple classic games most everyone has played. These games were some of the first video games ever made and had very little to no violence in them. These video games have now evolved into more graphic, gory, and violent games. This increased violence in video games has caused more aggression in society. On April 20th, 1999 at Columbine High School in Colorado a shooting occurred killing 12 students, 1 teacher and also injured 24 other students. Two students were the cause of this shooting. The two seniors played video games religiously and were big fans of a game named Doom. Doom is a game where players is a space marine who must fight his way through hordes of invading demons from Hell. The two shooters liked and played this game so much that even designed their own based off of it. Eric and Dylan’s, the two shooters, game was created based on the Columbine High School’s floor plan. Their game contained characters based off student at their school whom they did not like. When students, in their game, that believed in God would die they would say â€Å"’My Lord, why did you do this to me? † which is what Eric and Dylan believed they would say as they would kill them. When a newer game called Duke Nukem came out, a similar game to Doom, Eric and Dylan were quick to design another levels based on Columbine High School. In this game they had more realistic guns and bombs, which the shooters liked. They also mapped out how they would invade the school and whom they would target in these levels they created. Through both these games, that Eric and Dylan loved to play, inspired them to create there own games using their school as a layout and students as the characters. They planned out how they would approach their shooting and where they would place their bombs based on what they did in their games. They knew whom they would kill first and where they would be. They also placed bombs around the school as they would in the game that thankfully did not go off. Video games have become a big part of our culture in today’s society. When video games first came out they were simple, friendly, and non-violent. Since then video games have become more sophisticated, completive, and especially more violent. Eric and Dylan’s shooting on their school was an act of aggression supported from the violent videos games they played.

Diet and Digestion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Diet and Digestion - Essay Example These include monosaccharaides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (BRYNIE 2002, pg14). Proteins mainly aid in replenishing worn out tissues and are composed of strings of amino acids. On the other hand, fats, responsible for tendon maintenance can be grouped into saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids such as the omega 3 and omega 6 constitute building blocks of the body (JACOB 2013, pg22). The 13 different types of vitamins and minerals such as calcium and potassium constitute the micro nutrients necessary for body function. They can be obtained from the main diet or other sources. Breakfast: cereal, fresh fruit juice, ripe banana. Lunch: boiled pasta, steamed broccoli, fried fish fillet, nuts such as wall nuts or ground nuts and water (a few minutes after meal). Diner deep fried chicken, vegetable and fruit salad, fried fresh spinach and water (a few minutes after meal). Breakfast: oatmeal, banana, fresh fruit juice. Brunch: egg sandwich, 3 medium mango slices, hot beverage. Lunch Swanson chicken dumplings, mango slice or pineapple slice, fried rice and peas stew. Diner: spaghetti, meat balls and steamed broccoli. It is recommended that on daily basis, the meals of elderly patients should include five to twelve portions of grains, five to ten portions of vegetables and fruits, three portions lactose products and three servings of alternatives of meat or meat itself In simplest terms, the process of digestion is the only way in which nutrients and foods can be broken down and absorbed as useful energy or beneficiary compounds in the human body. For this purpose, digestion plays a more pivotal role in overall human health and development than most individuals would otherwise indicate. Without this vital and pivotal process, essential nutrients and energy could not be broken down and ultimately passed along into the bloodstream

Analyze the business environment of China Essay

Analyze the business environment of China - Essay Example However, even if only economic considerations are used, we can see that economic trends justify investment in China. As indicated by Figure 1, which is a graph of year-on-year growth on every quarter of the year from 2006 to 2010 latest figures, the real economy of China has been growing within the neighborhood of 10% per annum during the last 4 years. It can be deduced from Figure 1 that the source of Chinese economic growth is mainly internal rather than external. The contribution of net exports in the last four years was from about negative to about half of real growth. However, even in periods where net exports have been decreasing at a high 10%, Chinese economic growth has continued to be in the neighborhood of 10%, confirming that growth is largely internally driven rather than driven by exports. Looking at figure 2, we also see that despite the uncertainties and threat of a global crisis in 2009 arising from the crisis in the United States originating from its sub-prime housing market, real economic growth in China has remained respectable at around 5 or 6%. External conditions, especially US economic conditions, can affect China but based on the US crisis years of 2008, 2009, and 2010, the effect will not be of a magnitude that will drive Chinese economic growth into the negative territory. The real economic growth from 2001 to 2010 is likely over and above the Chinese annual population growth, implying that with the economic growth; the quality of life in China is more likely improving. Or, at least, the growth figures are of the type that has the potential to significantly improve the quality of life for many of the people of China. Figure 2 is also showing that China has ceased to be an agricultural country. First, growth figures are higher in industry and services sectors rather than agriculture. Second, growth in the agricultural sector

The United States's Balance of Payments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The United States's Balance of Payments - Essay Example A transaction is generally referred to as the exchange of an asset for another or an asset for many other assets. International transactions are listed in the balance of payments on a double entry basis as in business accounting. This principle enables each transaction to yield two offsetting entries with values equal so that the debit and credit entries balance each other. Transactions are valued according to the market prices and are recorded in occurrence of a change of ownership. Changes of ownership on goods, services, and unilateral transfers make up the current account, transactions in financial assets and liabilities constituting the capital account. According to International Monetary Fund in its strife for international comparability, balance of payment refers to â€Å" a statistical statement for a given period showing (1) transactions in goods, services, and income between an economy and the rest of the world, (2) changes of ownership and other changes in that economy’s monetary gold, special drawing rights, (SDR’s), and claims on and liabilities to the rest of the world, and (3) unrequited transfers and counterpart entries that are needed to balance, in the accounting sense, any entries for the foregoing transactions and changes which are not mutually offsetting.† In United States, balance of payments is prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) and the U.S. Department of commerce on quarterly basis. In this view, an economy is considered to be composed of economic entities with a closer degree of association to given territory than with the other. In U.S. balance of payments, the economy is made of over 50 states. Balance of payments according to the principle of double-entry of business accounting provides for every increase in an asset to be offset by decreases in other assets or increases in liabilities. As such, an increase in an

Basic Video Streaming Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Basic Video Streaming Problems - Essay Example However, there are several drawbacks related to the concept of video streaming. Video streaming has its limitations on the internet because internet does not give any surety of any fixed bandwidth, delay or packet loss. It works on a â€Å"best effort service† (Apostolopoulos et al. 2002). These are considered to be variable factors that change with respect to the quality of internet connection. There have been many researches carried out over the years to induce more reliability and consistency in video streaming. These three issues are discussed in detail: As stated earlier, the bandwidth between two nodes is variable and might not be known. This variability causes problems in the traffic flow from one point to the other (Wu et al. 2001). If the sender sends data at a rate which is faster than the available bandwidth then congestion and low quality streaming is resulted. On the contrary, if the sender sends data at a rate which is slower than the available bandwidth then the receiver decodes a sub-optimal video quality (Apostolopoulos et al. 2002). A strategy to overcome this problem is to ensure a bandwidth that is acceptable to both the nodes; this can be done by estimating the available bandwidth and striking a balance between the estimated bandwidth and video bit rate transferred over the link. The degree of this issue varies from packet to packet. The variation in the delay of every packet depends on its respective queues on different routers. If there exist some variations in the end-to-end delays then it is known as delay jitter (Apostolopoulos et al. 2002). The main reason behind this problem lies in the fact that the receiver is designed to decode and thus display frames at a certain rate. Some frames may arrive at the receiver late due to this delay jitter; this can create a problem at the receiver because he is programmed to decode the frames at a certain rate. These late frames will cause jerks in the display of

Bestseller Lists Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bestseller Lists - Assignment Example In the two classes, there is no monopoly of authors in the top 20. More so, authors are either in one category or the other (Rodgers 11). It implies that no author writes in both categories but only specialize in one type. Additionally, there is no monopoly of authors in year 2015 in the combined e-books fiction and print. Every week different books sell at different rates and as such no book is consistently leading the charts. Fiction books involve writing of imaginative narratives. As such, there exist no monopoly of writers between the years 1950 to 1959 (U.S Accounting Office, 15). In most years, different authors appear in the top 10 with only few or none that were present in past years. In the non-fiction category, individual books and authors appear in continuous years. The guide for better homes seems to do good as it looks for large parts between 1950 and 1959. Between the years 1904 and 1909, Barr McCutcheon is an author that is constantly in the top 10 bestsellers (Cader, 16). More so, more authors appear regularly in the list but with different

News summers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

News summers - Essay Example Talks about the bailout started way back in June last year. The former president, Demetris Christofias balked at the measures put forward to help the economy. After he was defeated in that years election by president Nicos Anastsiades, the talks resumed. Key elements of the deal were that Cyprus had to raise its corporate tax from 10% to 12.5%, privatize state assets and overhaul of its banking system. This was to ensure that their banks were no havens for laundering money. Russia its key ally was expected to make its contribution by reducing the interest rate on the 2.5 billion Euros it had lent them earlier. The contentious issue was that Cypriot bank depositors were forced to take losses on their money. After days of negotiation, it was agreed that a one-off tax of 9.9% would be levied on bank deposits of $130,000 and above while the small depositors would be taxed at 6.75%. Moreover, the country had to wind up Laiki Bank, its second largest bank. The actions taken by the EU in Greece and Cyprus, has brought about a precedent that other countries should take care not to fall into a financial crisis. It started with Greece where the country took a massive â€Å"haircut† on its bond market. Now its Cyprus where bank deposits are being cut in order to finance the debt burden. What next will happen if another country in the euro zone falls into a financial crisis? With Italy’s economy not looking that good, we will have to wait and

Assessments of children starting formal schooling Essay

Assessments of children starting formal schooling - Essay Example Assessments of children starting formal schooling This study will consider ways in which the teacher might identify appropriate starting points in teaching for children who are finding tasks difficult. Advice and information from other teachers and the child’s care-givers, in addition to careful observation of the child, can help to identify ‘where the child is’. This is particularly important for children starting compulsory schooling, as the diversity of pre-infant school provision means that the reception class is likely to include 5-year-olds with widely different experiences and expectations about school. Careful assessment through various forms of observation (not formal tests) of the point reached by a child (say 5-6 years old) in his or her learning, and teaching which builds on this knowledge are main objectives of current study. It is not being suggested that starting points for, say, 5-year-olds should be only in terms specifically and directly linked with National Curriculum attainment targets. Broader assessment based on observation is important for all children but particularly for any children thought to have difficulties in learning. Observation of children is a vital first step in planning how their learning can be fostered. Observation can take many forms, structured or unstructured, involving the teacher working with the child or remaining distanced. When and how teachers observe children will depend both on the aims of that observation and on what is realistic in a busy classrooom.

Foreign Press vs. U.S. Press Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foreign Press vs. U.S. Press - Essay Example When people were still in shock the next bomb exploded creating wider chaos and fear everywhere. A lot of bodies were left in pieces with boots of police officers scattered all over the scene along with several severed hands. Thereafter ambulances began evacuating casualties of what remains of the dead bodies and injured people. The injured and victims were then taken to hospitals bloodied and bandaged they lay on the floor because of the beds that were already filled with patients. Chaotic scenes unfolded as the doctors and nurses tended to the patients and security officials who were also brought as more victims. Within an hour another bomb exploded taking the list to three bombs all in one day; the last bomb injured almost 8 more security officials. It was evident that this bomb along with other terrorist activities aimed at police officials only; however it was considered the worse since February. Comparison The news are reported by the USA press (Voice of America) and the Foreig n Press ( Khaleej times). Good comparisons of both are given below. Commonalities: There are various commonalities in facts and general information where both citations are mostly similar. Both reports clearly mention 27 people killing in northern city of Iraq. The area that was the blasted, that is, Kirkuk was even correctly identified. Other details that included, the bombs rushing the policemen out of their headquarters, three bombs all in one day, the location of bomb i.e. parking area near police station and the third bomb being planted on the road was even clearly pointed out by both press. The number figures mainly eight wounded security officers, second bomb occurring within minutes, the third within an hour were also some of the accurate approximates. Differences: The reports from US press (voice of America) had a very short note due to which places of disparities reduced naturally in the report. Still in some areas the problem was sighted this included mainly in the title. Whereeas th Foreign Press (Khaleej Times) mentioned two bombs killing 27 people the USA Press (Voice of America) mentioned series of bomb killing 27 people. At first side any addressee would comprehend the word â€Å"series† as more than two bombs, which could be a wrong view, thus the title could be said as an exaggerated one to draw attention. The second difference sighted were in the distance of Kirkuk from north of Baghdad. Where Foreign Press (Khaleej Times) mentioned 290 kilometers the USA Press (Voice of America) mentioned it as 250 kilometers. This was a factual data and such error must not have occurred. News # 2: At least 18 killed in Baghdad jail fight The article reported the killing in Baghdad prison flight. It all started when one of the Al-Qaeda leaders, Huthaifa al-Battawi, who was reported as the Emir of Baghdad and also the planned attacker at a Catholic Church, wrestled with one of the security guards in an attempt to flee off the prison with other of his inmates. In fighting between the security officers and the prisoners he got killed along with many others from security guards and prisoners either injured or killed. Commonalities: Both the USA Press (Voice of America) and the Foreign Press (Khaleej times) agreed on Huthaifa al-Battawi death, his wrestling for gun from a guard and him being the one who planned attack at Catholic Church back in October . Differences: There are various

The Hubble Space Telescope Essay Example for Free

The Hubble Space Telescope Essay The Hubble Space Telescope is a telescope placed in orbit over our planet’s atmosphere. This particular positioning (outside the earth’s atmosphere) allows the set of device to take sharp optical images of otherwise very faint spatial objects. The telescope was named after Edwin Hubble, the person who is responsible for discovering galaxies outside the milky way. In relation to the intended function of the Hubble Space Telescope, Edwin Hubble is also the one who created Hubble’s law, the calculated measurement of the rate at which the universe is expanding (Burows, 1991). The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 and has become one of the most important instruments in the history of astronomy. The data retrieved from the telescope has been responsible for ground breaking theories and help answering questions in astrophysics. In this paper, we will describe the Hubble Space Telescope and all its roles in the development of our science of astronomy. II. Engineering of the Telescope The design of the telescope consists of several parts: Optical Telescope Assembly The most important part of the Hubble Space Telescope design is the mirror and optical system. Because they are designed for different functions, there are significant differences of the Hubble Space Telescope design compare to general telescope. A general telescope is designed to observe objects illuminated with visible light, thus, the mirror of the telescope needed only to be polished to and accuracy of one-tenth of the wave length of that visible light (Spitzer, 1979). However, the Hubble Space Telescope was designed to capture object illuminated by lights ranging from ultraviolet to near-infrared. Thus, the mirror of the telescope needed to be polished to an accuracy of 1/20 of the wavelength of visible light (Burrows, 1991). It was realized that the polishing job would require extreme precision and the assistance of sophisticated tools and gadget. Thus, the polishing was performed by Perkin-Elmer, using computer-controlled polishing machines. In pursue of accuracy, Perkin-Elmer spend more than a year to complete the polishing stage. In 1981, the mirror was completed with the addition of a reflective aluminum coating 75nm thick and a magnesium protective fluoride coating 25nm thick. The additional coating was installed to increase mirror’s reflectivity in ultraviolet light (Burrows, 1991). II. 2. Ground Support The role of the ground support system of the Hubble Space Telescope was performed by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). The institute was established in 1983, located in Baltimore, in the Homewood campus of Johns Hopkins University and operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA). Operations of the Hubble Space Telescope are monitored 24 hours a day by the Hubble Flight Operations Team which consist of four teams of flight controllers. The ground support has the responsibility to manage the scientific operation of the telescope and oversee the delivery of data products to astronomers. The engineering support required for the operations is provided with NASA at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland (STScI, 2003). The ground support team has had some incident relating to the delay of Hubble’s launch schedule. The launch was delayed for four years to account for the Challenger disaster. The mirrors and other instruments were to be kept in clean rooms until the rescheduled launch. In 1990 however, when the launch was finally performed, the dust that has accumulated on the mirror required nitrogen dusting and the system needed to be tested extensively again to ensure safety (STScI, 2003). II. 3. Spacecraft System The designers of the project stated that the spacecraft that carried the Hubble out to space was considered a big engineering challenge. First and foremost, it must have the capability of enduring the major changes in temperature, as the craft would pass through direct sunlight as well as dark areas of Earth’s shadow. The spacecraft must also be stable enough to allow extremely accurate pointing of the telescope. Finally, a shroud of multi-layered insulation was installed to keep telescope’s temperature stable including a light aluminum shell. To address the stability issue, a graphite-epoxy frame was installed within the aluminum shell to keep Hubble and its parts aligned and in tact.

Climate Change Awareness And The Media Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Awareness And The Media Environmental Sciences Essay Climate change being the most important issue of the 21st century it is affecting developing countries the most. And a case study of every country is important to understand the level of risk it is at. This paper is a case study of Pakistan and its media. The level of awareness that exists among the people and exactly what sectors and areas are being affected that need to be dealt with in time. This paper is a detailed study of climate change, what it is, the evidences of climate change in Pakistan and the vulnerabilities that need to be taken care of by the Media by creating awareness about it by persuading both the Government and the People to take initiatives towards contributing less to climate change. The analysis is based on primary and secondary research which in the end gives recommendations and conclusion so as to what and how should the media create awareness about climate change. INTRODUCTION Global Climate Change resulting from an increasing concentration of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the atmosphere caused by the use of fossil fuels and other human activities is now an established phenomenon and its effects have been observed in most parts of the world including Pakistan. With continued heavy reliance of the world energy system on fossil fuels for the foreseeable future much larger climatic changes and their adverse impacts are to be expected in the coming decades. According to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the average temperature of the earths surface increased by 0.6  °C over the past century and is projected to increase further by 1.1 to 6.4  °C by the end of the current century (IPCC 2007). It will be accompanied by large variations (both, increases and decreases) of temperature and precipitation in different world regions, considerable worldwide increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme clima tic events (floods, droughts, cyclones etc.), large scale shrinking of Arctic sea ice and recession of mountain glaciers, rise in average sea level by up to 0.6 meter etc., with serious adverse impacts on various socio-economic sectors in many parts of the world. Pakistan is particularly vulnerable to climate change because it has generally a warm climate; it lies in a world region where the temperature increases are expected to be higher than the global averages; its land area is mostly arid and semi-arid (about 60 per cent of the area receives less than 250 mm of rainfall per year and 24 per cent receives between 250-500 mm); its rivers are predominantly fed by the Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalaya (HKH) glaciers which are reported to be receding rapidly due to global warming; its economy is largely agrarian and hence highly climate sensitive; and because the country faces increasingly larger risks of variability in monsoon rains, large floods and extended droughts. Under the influence of all these factors the Water Security and the Food security of the country are under serious threat. Compounding these problems are the expected increased risks to the coastal areas (these include Karachi, Pakistans largest city and the hub of its industrial ac tivity and international trade) and the Indus deltaic region due to sea level rise and increasing cyclonic activity; to the mountainous regions due to glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and land slides; to the countrys scanty forests (less than 5% of the land area is under forest cover) due to forest fires as well as reduced regeneration under rapidly changing climatic conditions; to human health due to heat strokes, diarrhoea, cholera, vector borne diseases, etc.; and to human settlements due to floods and cyclones. Although Pakistan has been rather late in realizing the intensity of the climate change threat to its socio-economic development, the country is now taking this threat very seriously: A dedicated research centre (called, Global Change Impact Studies Centre, GCISC) focusing on climate change related aspects was initiated in 2003 and a high level committee chaired by the Prime Minister (called Prime Ministers Committee on Climate Change, PMCCC) was established in 2005 to provide national level policy guidelines on climate change related issues. More recently, in October 2008, the Planning Commission (PC) set up a Task Force on Climate Change (TFCC) with a view to take stock of countrys situation vis a vis climate change; to contribute to the formulation of a climate change policy that would assist the government in achieving sustained economic growth by appropriately addressing climate change threats so as to ensure water security, food security and energy security of the country; and to recommend policy measures for promoting large scale Adaptation and Mitigation efforts, for raising awareness of various stakeholders; and for enhancing the capacities of relevant national institutions (see Annex-A for full Terms of Reference (TOR) of TFCC and Annex-B for the list of TFCC members). While Pakistan is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, its own contribution to the total global GHG emissions is a miniscule (about 0.8%) and its per capita GHG emissions correspond to about one-fifth of the average for Western Europe (IEA/OECD 2006). As such, the main thrust of the countrys response to climate change is bound to be on Adaptation measures. Still, as a responsible member of the international community, Pakistan would like to contribute as much to the global Mitigation effort as it possibly can while trying to meet the countrys basic minimum energy needs consistent with its socio-economic developmental requirements, energy security considerations, and financial and technological constraints. Climate change is an undeniable fact of the 21st century and the world is witnessing a rapid change in temperature, precipitation, snow fall, melting of glaciers, sun shine period etc. It is predicted to have a devastating impact on the planet and its inhabitants. The IPCC Synthesis Report (2007) indicated that about 20 to 30 percent species of animals and plants would be at risk of extinction if global temperature rises from 1.5 to 2.5 degree. This will create a range of problems for humans. Moreover, health issues and disease will sharply increase among human beings. IPCC report states, The health status of millions of people is projected to be affected through, for example, increases in malnutrition; increased deaths, diseases and injury due to extreme weather events; increased burden of diarrheal diseases; increased frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases due to higher concentrations of ground-level ozone in urban areas related to climate change; and the altered spatial distribu tion of some infectious diseases. Agriculture will also become more susceptible to pest and disease attacks. Soil erosion, caused by storms and floods will limit the agricultural scope in the coming years. Trans-boundary movement of pests and diseases will further complicate the situation. Moreover, the peace and livelihoods of billions of people would be threatened due to the scarcity of water. Water availability, according to the demand of growing population, and need, in different sectors is under a cloud of doubt. The major sufferers would be Africa and Asia. The fresh water availability will decrease many folds. IPCC reported that the water shortage will have severe impacts on South Asian productivity and systems of production. The frequency of production shocks and failure of crops will become more common (IPCC 2007). Owing to the adverse impact of climate change, natural resources will become scarce. Scarcity always leads to competition to gain the maximum, sometimes at the cost of others, and paves the way for conflicts and wars. Dr. R. K. Pachauri (2007) said, Climate change has raised the threat of dramatic population migration, conflict, and war over water and other resources as well as a realignment of power among nations. Some also highlight the possibility of rising tensions between rich and poor nations, health problems caused particularly by water shortages, and crop failures as well as concerns over nuclear proliferation. Impact of Climate Change on different Sector Water Resources Melting rate of glaciers will increase in the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush regions resulting in flash floods to begin with. Increased melting rate will aggravate the process of depletion of water resources. However, some hydrologists are of the view that the rate of snowfall will increase and melting rate will decrease due to lower temperature in Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush. Watersheds and water basin would be degraded due to erosion and loss of forest cover. Water stresses, drought will increase or vice versa. Agriculture Lower productivity and production, Outbreak and spread of diseases, Shifting in cropping patterns, Soil erosion, salinity and water logging, Increased trans-boundary movement of pests and diseases Livestock would also be impacted by the climate change induced calamities and vulnerabilities. Lower crop productivity will introduce competition between food and fodder crops in country. Keeping in mind the current situation of food availability in the country, food crops will have to be given top priority. Forestry, Biodiversity and Land Use Changes Depletion of biodiversity; Reduction in forest cover; Shifting of biomass due to change in temperature; Loss of wildlife; Deforestation to make land available for agricultural purposes to nourish the population. Coastal Zones Risk of soil erosion and degradation; Flooding inundation; Displacement of wetlands and lowlands; Salinization of ground and surface water. Natural Calamities Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of extreme floods; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of droughts; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of cyclones; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of diseases. Impact of Climate Change on Health Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of diarrhea; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of malnourishment; Increased frequency and severity of occurrence of malaria; There would also be heat stresses. Vulnerabilities are expected to increase across the globe; however, the extent of these would be unequal. Poor people and regions would be more susceptible to climate change and adverse impacts, and their helplessness would be higher, as compared to rich people and regions. As Thomas and Twyman (2005) mentioned, vulnerabilities are higher in developing and least developed countries and their ability and capacity to adapt is limited due to higher level of dependence on natural resources, weak financial and institutional arrangements, and high incidence of poverty, stagnant or diminishing growth of GDP and most importantly absence or weak safety net mechanism. Pakistans State of Environment The development history of Pakistan is quite interesting. Pakistans economy has undergone different experiments over the course of time. On occasion, Pakistan followed the protective-economic model, and other times, the open-market model. However, these models remained oblivious of environmental aspects. Although Pakistan is not a big polluter, the prevalent lack of knowledge regarding nature is a major concern. Environment and poverty are strongly linked and in some cases, determine impact. The underprivileged sections of society are more dependent on natural resources and their judicious distribution, and at the same time, are more vulnerable to economic, social and environmental shocks. Poor management of natural resources further aggravates the situation in Pakistan. The livelihood of millions of people is, both directly and indirectly, dependent on Pakistans natural assets. How is Pakistan affected by climate change? Pakistan contributes very little to the overall Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, but remains severely impacted by the negative effects of climate change by the following ways: Glacier melt in the Himalayas is projected to increase flooding will affect water resources within the next two to three decades. This will be followed by decreased river flows over time as glaciers recede. Freshwater availability is also projected to decrease which will lead to biodiversity loss and reduce availability of freshwater for the population. Coastal areas bordering the Arabian Sea in the south of Pakistan will be at greatest risk due to increased flooding from the sea and in some cases, the rivers. Being a predominantly agriculture economy, climate change is estimated to decrease crop yields in Pakistan which in turn will affect livelihoods and food production. Combining the decreased yields with the current rapid population growth and urbanization in the country, the risk of hunger and food security will remain high.   Endemic morbidity and mortality due to diseases primarily associated with floods and droughts are expected to rise. Increases in coastal water temperatures would exacerbate the abundance of cholera.   The impact of climate change will also aggravate the existing social inequalities of resource use and intensify social factors leading to instability, conflicts, displacement of people and changes in migration patterns. Environmental degradation is a well-established fact in Pakistan. Components of the environment, e.g. forests, water, wetlands, land, air are not in satisfactory quality. Moreover, their condition continues to deteriorate with time. The land is losing its fertility due to organic degradation, soil erosion, water logging, salinity and the loss of cover of natural vegetation. Land productivity is increasingly following a decreasing trend and is already very low in Pakistan as compared to the other developed and developing countries. The water sector also faces issues of environmental degradation and the dilemma of mismanagement. Industrial, solid and household waste further adds to water pollution and the lack of an adequate governance system is exacerbating the situation. Water basins are also depleting very rapidly. The exhaustion of water basins is and will continue to be the cause of major concerns in the future. Pakistan will have to face the problem of scarcity in future, which will result in reduced hydro power generation. Over-exploitation of forest resources is a common phenomenon, due to lack of awareness among the masses. The quality of air is worsening due to presence of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), the general misuse of natural resources and other unwanted pollutants, such as chemicals. Owing to these problems, Pakistans biodiversity is sharply declining. The poor health of natural resources is impacting the whole social, economic and environmental fabric of Pakistan. This current state of the environment imposes heavy costs on the countrys weak economic structure. Negligence in the past has further impaired the situation and enhanced the financial burden. The current government is coping with problems in tackling environmental issues, due to the weak economic situation and increasing natural disintegration. Furthermore, the allocation of national funds towards environment and poverty are not based on necessity. Government spending on the environment is clearly insufficient. The institutional framework to address environmental issues is weak, but it has been evolving since the formulation and adoption of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance in 1983. Pakistan, being a signatory to different international agreements, is reframing its institutes, legal set up and implementation strategies. The government has established different authorities and organizations, e.g. Clean Development Mechanism cell, Environment Protection Agency, Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC) and policies and acts e.g. PEPA97, Environment Policy 2005 and Energy Efficiency Policy and so on. The Environment Policy 2005 is a pivotal instrument for the response to environmental concerns. The policy addresses the production sector, both natural and industrial, to attain the objective of sustainable development in Pakistan and mainstreaming environmental knowledge. The policy suggests What Next? Pakistan is a signatory to almost all environment related agreements and thus has certain obligations and privileges. Now, the question arises as to how Pakistan will fulfill the dream of development in the presence of all these agreements, which call for more sustainable solutions to all these problems. As part of its privileges, Pakistan can ask for financial and technological help from the developed world. Furthermore, Pakistan can also ask for aid in tackling climate change vulnerabilities under the adaptation window. However, there are certain weaknesses or shortcomings in the international agreements which will be discussed at the Copenhagen in the Conference Of Parties 15 (COP) in December 2009. This will be a superb opportunity for Pakistan to voice its concerns. International Negotiations and Key Issues The debate on climate change is complex. Uncertainty and inequality of climate change and its impacts make it further convoluted. Scientific evidence suggests that the impact of climate change would be highly unequal due to geography. Poor (developing, least developed and small island countries) regions would be more vulnerable and some small island countries would become endangered. Developing, least developed and small island countries have a very minor share in historical emissions. However, weak institutional, governance and financial infrastructure make them more vulnerable. The Fourth Assessment Report (FAR) 2007, by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) pointed out that the climate change would be unequal and poor countries would be more vulnerable. Problem Statement the issue in Pakistan is education and lack of awareness about climate change and its impacts on Pakistan and most importantly lack of Governments accorded budget to tackle climate change by building institutions and research centers. People are not aware about how vulnerable and at risk they are and what they need to do in order to save the future generation. Climate Change and Media: a threat and vulnerabilities and the level of awareness about it. Objectives and Significance of the Study This study is aimed at knowing how much vulnerable Pakistan is to threat of climate change and the level of awareness that exists in the society about it. The purpose of the study is to gather information about the role media is playing educating people about it and how much do people know. This paper will evaluate the reasons behind the lack of awareness that exists in people due to lack of media specialists who can report, educate and spread awareness about climate change. Considering the fact the media changes many opinions and lifestyles it can have a huge impact on peoples way of thinking and persuade them to change their lifestyles to more sustainable ways of living and using any commodity. As climate Change is the biggest and the gravest issue of the 21st Century. Literature Review The media coverage and role in creating awareness about the state of environment and climate change reporting is poor in Pakistan and it increases the vulnerabilities. All the articles that were referred to put forward the same point that how journalists should be trained to report about the problems coming as a result of Climate Change. The journalists should put all efforts to build strong linkages for creating awareness among all levels of the society and extend their support and cooperation to the Ministry of environment and all the civil society members working for climate change for achieving the goal of a healthy and clean environment. In Farehia Rehmans article in THE NATION Media must create awareness about environment issues By FAREHIA REHMAN June 5, 2009 The Director UNESCO Islamabad Maurice Robson said that the organization is collaborating with the Ministry of Environment for organizing two media workshops for strengthening the capacity of media professional. He said that there is dire need to improve the linkages between the Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Education for promoting environmental education in different segments of the society. The aim is to do capacity building of journalists for effectively reporting on climate change and mountain ecosystem related issues in order to help boost the efforts for raising awareness in the concerned areas. Media can play a major role in persuading and convincing people about the depth of the problem of climate change like Al Gore documentary has converted many people and turned them into responsible citizens who want to use sustainable ways of consuming electricity, while buying their cars, while using plastic bags and while polluting their environment. And the article Al Gores documentary draws students attention (Pakistan Observer 13th April 2010 Islamabad) Supports this argument that the documentary and the media content increases youths interest. Kakakhel said that energy production is the single most GHG producing process which is profusely used in food production and processing technologies. He advised the students not to use shower but water and use towels outside ten times and use more climate-friendly products. Say no to plastics, he said, which are damaging trees. He said one can have a car pool and effort should be made to use bicycles wherever possible and convince people by talking and writing to editors. He said that bad actions and inactions are more dangerous. Another article Call for technology transfer, aid to mitigate climate change (Dawn13 May 2009 Islamabad) Farrukh Iqbal Khan from the Foreign Office suggested establishment of fund for innovative projects to enhance awareness while creation of regional curriculum on climatology, capacity building and knowledge generation A lot of articles are found on just negotiations that have been held by policy makers on climate change and how and what sectors are being affected that need to tackled. Pakistans vulnerabilities are being discussed in the articles but they also urge the media persons to be trained and to learn how to report about climate change and how media should play an important role in the information gap that exists in people about the issue. Even the Article 6 of the UNFCCC Convention supports the fact that there is need of building institutions to create awareness and spread education at a National and regional, sub regional levels if needed with international help. Following are the clauses: (i) The development and implementation of educational and public awareness programmes on climate change and its effects; (ii) Public access to information on climate change and its effects; (iii) Public participation in addressing climate change and its effects and developing adequate responses; and (iv) Training of scientific, technical and managerial personnel. Climate change is irreversibly harming Pakistan, with its tremendous social, environmental and economic impacts. The main challenges are reduced agricultural productivity, human morbidity, and stressed use of natural resources. The agriculture productivity in Pakistan is being affected due to changes in land and water regimes. This is negatively affecting agriculture productivity by altering bio-physical relationships like changing growing periods of crops, altered scheduling of cropping seasons, increased crop stresses (thermal and moisture stresses), changing irrigation water requirements, altering soil characteristics and increasing the risk of pests and diseases. The report prepared by the Task Force on Climate Change will work to evaluate institutional weaknesses and suggest measures for strengthening capacity of relevant institutions, promoting program for advocacy and awareness, mainstreaming climate change into national and sect-oral policies, provide guidelines for reduction of green house gas emissions and environmental pollution as well as guide for the development of clean development mechanism-based projects to avail international opportunities for financing. Media has a serious role to play in this Instead of covering issues about two celebrities getting into a fight or how the Indian soap operas have reached a 1000 episodes our journalists should report about the scientific effects of climate change on our biosphere, talk about a fisherman in Gawadar who can no longer feed his family because the fish is hard to catch as the catch has declined due to global warming they are becoming endangered. Or they come in different seasons now; the whole pattern of weather is changing. By doing so, the public not only understands what youre saying, but begins to empathize with a specific person. That empathy means they care and the more you make people care about your issue, the more they are willing to agree with your point of view. Suddenly, the reporter has a way of telling your story in a way that his or her audience is more likely to care about. The argument strengthens the very basic point of educating a poor for example a farmer about his crops and how they can be affected by climate change and what he needs to do to about it. Media reaches down to the poorest of the poor in every form, and medium be it radio, news papers or Television (Internet has nothing to do with farmer community). Media can transform the way people think and how they act. There is just need to inject the fear of being affected by climate change that can cause disasters. Media has the power to convince people to agree to what they disagreed before. Climate change needs all the attention at this moment and this is the right time. People in the northern valleys and people near sea e.g. fisher men, transporters e.g. the Karakorem Highway will be washed off with the Hunza Lake water level when the Glaciers fully melts. These are all things that are the top and most important issues affecting trade and business and causing many lives. Climate change will o nly become worse if not treated well and taken care of, and practical awareness needs to be spread among these people who are the most vulnerable to it through media. Research Methodology The research was from both primary and secondary sources. The questionnaire containing 16 questions was filled by 40 young university students equally distributed among females and males from different backgrounds to check the knowledge and level of awareness in them about climate change considering the fact that the youth has access to and is obsessed with media and whatever it shows has an effect on them. The questionnaire gave out the first hand results and opinions of people. The questions were designed in a way that each was connected with the other and they had a pattern of starting from the basic questions about the term climate change and then how much they think media has been covering it and then whether Pakistan is vulnerable and what are the policy makers doing about it. How effective medias role has been in reporting about climate change and telling Pakistan how and from where Pakistan is the most vulnerable what sectors are being affected by it and how many problems can arise because of it in future. The articles support and problem statement that the analysis of the survey questionnaire. Survey Analysis A sample of 40 students was taken from different disciplines (MBA, BBA, and BSS) among them there were 20 males and 20 females. The analysis is as follows: Q.4 Are you familiar with the term climate change? More than 80% of the people are familiar with the term climate change and around 18 % people have heard it but dont know what it means but none said that they havent heard it or are not familiar with it. Climate change the term is known to the majority of the young people that were interviewed. As climate change is an undeniable fact of the 21st century and especially people in the third world are the most vulnerable to it, as Pakistan being one of the vulnerable countries are youth is familiar with the term because they have heard or read it somewhere or maybe they can feel major changes in weather and probably relate it to climate change. Q.5 where did you hear it from? What were your sources of awareness about this issue? Around 68% of the peoples main source of information about climate change is newspaper/television/internet. Only 10% said they were affiliated with some organization working for climate change and thats how they knew about it. And around 23% said they had watched some documentary on it. So this shows that only literate class knows about it and its their own efforts through which they know about it but the illiterate or the people who do not have access to TV or cannot read news paper are at greater risk because they mostly they are farmers people working in villages around sea shores , river banks, fishers etc they are the most vulnerable to any climatic disaster and they usually do not have the access to such mass media. Q.6 how often do you see climate change issues being addressed in the news papers or by our media? Around 38% people think that climate change issues or the topic is being covered every week by the media or news paper. 35% think that its once a month, almost 13% said that they have never seen any coverage on it and 15 % people said they come across it every day. But the main twist is that it is not being covered by the local media this much or it is not focused on Pakistan specially, its different areas, from where ever it is being affect for example from the south or the north, or whether the Himalayan glaciers are at risk or the fish in the sea in Karachi. People do not know how much and from what angles Pakistan is getting affected and what measures are needed to tackle any such disaster. Q.7 Are you aware of any organizations working for climate change? Interesting answers were revealed out of this question as exactly 37.5% people said yes they were aware of organizations working for climate change and same percent age of people also said they didnt know about any such organizations. And to balance it out the 25% people said that maybe they knew or had heard some organizations working for it they werent sure about it. This shows the level of confusion, and extreme views in the youth about this issue being tackled in Pakistan and how and by whom. As it is very important for the people to know about the right organizations to be informed and to get connected with if they are interested in becoming an agent of change by contributing towards the work being done by those organizations for climate change. This just shows the lack of interest of people and the ambiguity that exists in them about the issue because most of the people are not aware about the level of Pakistans vulnerability to it because they are not being educated about it. Q.8 Do you agree that Climate change is being addressed by policy makers It is clearly visible that majority (35%) of the people strongly disagreed with the statement that climate change was being rightly and sufficiently being addressed by the policy makers. And that is the core problem. This leads to lack of institutions and lack of the urge to create awareness about t

The importance to auditing of concept of audit risks

The importance to auditing of concept of audit risks Messie, Glover, Prawitt Boh, Margaret , 2007 stated that audit risk is the risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion when the financial statements are materially misstated. In simple terms, audit risk is the risk that an auditor will issue an unqualified opinion when the financial statements contain material misstatement. ISA 200 states that auditor should plan and perform the audit to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level that is consistent with the objective of an audit. (Auditing and Assurance Standard) AAS-6(Revised), Risk Assessments and Internal Controls, identifies the three components of audit risk i.e. inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. Audit risk model: AR = IR x CR x DR. Where, AR= Audit risk (the risk that the auditor may unknowingly fail to appropriately modify his or her opinion on financial statements that are materially misstated) IR = Inherent risk (the risk that an assertion is susceptible to a material misstatement, assuming there are no related controls) CR = Control risk (the risk that a material misstatement that could occur in an assertion will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by the entitys internal control) DR = Detection risk (the risk that the auditor will not detect a material misstatement that exists in an assertion) The objective in an audit is to limit audit risk to a low level, as judged by the auditor. When conducting an audit, the auditor should consider materiality and its relationship with audit risk. The level of detection risk can be considered only after considering the level of inherent and control risks. While planning an audit, the auditor should keep in mind that the audit risk is to be kept at an acceptably low level. The range, efficiency, efficacy, nature and timing of the procedures performed by the auditor will determine the level (i.e. high or low) of detection risk The major purpose of audit risk models is to help the auditor to obtain a given degree of confidence that the financial statements do not contain a material error. Economic considerations are not explicitly taken into account, and the focus is rather on effective audit risk control. In the second approach, audit decision models are more comprehensive in nature as compared to audit risk models: a broader set of factors are taken into account (such as, audit risk, audit costs, etc.). This type of model may serve as an aid for auditors to identify an efficient and cost effective way by which a suitable level (i.e., cost minimizing) of confidence can be achieved. Audit risk is fundamental to the audit process because auditors cannot and do not attempt to check all transactions. It would be impossible to check all of transactions, and no one would be prepared to pay for the auditors to do so, hence the importances of the riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœbased approach toward auditing. Traditionally, auditors have used a risk-based approach in order to minimize the chance of giving an inappropriate audit opinion, and audits conducted in accordance with ISAs must follow the risk based approach, which should also help to ensure that audit work is carried out efficiently, using the most effective tests based on the audit risk assessment. Auditors should direct audit work to the key risks (sometimes also described as significant risks), where it is more likely that error in transactions and balances will lead to a material misstatement in the financial statements. It would be inefficient to address insignificant risks in a high level of detail, and whether a risk is classified as a key risk or not is a matter of judgment for the auditor. Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) establish a model for carrying out audits that requires auditors to use their judgment in assessing risks and then in deciding what procedures to carry out. This model often is referred to as the audit risk model. The model allows auditors to take a variety of circumstances into account in selecting an audit approach. For example, the model calls for auditors to have an understanding of the clients business and industry, the systems employed to process transactions, the quality of personnel involved in accounting functions, the clients policies and procedures related to the preparation of financial statements, and much more. The model requires auditors to gain an understanding of a companys internal control, and to test the effectiveness of controls if the auditor intends to rely on them when considering the nature, timing and extent of the substantive tests to be carried out. For example, if controls over sales and accounts receivable are strong, the auditor might send a limited number of accounts receivable confirmation requests at an interim date and rely on the controls and certain other tests for updating the accounts to year end. Conversely, if controls are not strong, the auditor might send a larger number of accounts receivable confirmations at year end. The model requires an assessment of the risk of fraud (intentional misstatements of financial statements) in every audit. Based on the auditors assessment of various risks and any tests of controls, the auditor makes judgments about the kinds of evidence (from sources that are internal or external to the clients organization) needed to achieve reasonable assurance. On the one hand, GAAS set forth numerous requirements or matters that auditors should consider; on the other hand, the need to exercise audit judgment is embedded throughout GAAS. Handbook Section 5130, Materiality and Audit Risk in Conducting an Audit. Approved recently by the CICAs Auditing Standard Committee (AuSC), explains the meaning of the terms material misstatement and audit risk and looks at the objective of an audit. In short, while any decision involving materiality, audit risk and the extent of testing will ultimately come down to a question of professional judgments, it is hoped Section 5130, by providing some tools to assist with those judgments, will helps improve audit quality and reduce the potential for under over auditing. Walker, Robert (Mar 1990) answer question why spend time to asses audit risk? The real reason reliance on the internal control is less efficient than reliance

Hamlet Essays -- Literature

Comedy and tragedy are two totally opposing genres but both have been very successful during the Elizabethan period. Several plays were written to help people to be instructed in a general way and to purge their emotions through the laughing in comedy or the crying in the tragedy. Among the writers of tragic plays, there was Shakespeare with one of his most famous play The Tragical History of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Regarding comedy, John Lyly takes the myth of Endymion in his courtly comedy Endymion, the Man in the Moon. Starting from these two plays this essay will look at the boundaries that allow defining and distinguishing between tragedy and comedy as well as their importance at the time. Tragedy and comedy stand out mainly by the fact that one of these genres makes people cry and the other makes them laugh. The boundary between the two is not always easy to distinguish, since a play can be considered as a comedy without being funny, simply because it has a happy ending. The issue here is to contrast these two genres to better draw the border between them. The comedy featured ordinary characters and thus allowed people to laugh at their pains and ironic situations. Unlike comedy, tragedy had as protagonists, people of high social level. The characters of the tragedy are usually caught in a fate that they cannot escape. It is rare that the tragedy gives a solution or it is in most cases death. To summarise, comedy was designed to make people laugh and show that a happy ending is possible, it often ends with marriages, while the tragedy shows that even very important persons can find themselves in situations that are beyond them and that lead them to their downfall. By writing The Tragical History of Hamlet, Prince of Den... ... of Revenge. 315 o A Theory of Renaissance Tragedy. pp. 292 †¢ Bolt, Sydney. (1985). Hamlet. Peguin Masterstudies. †¢ Deats, Sara. (Nov., 1975). The Disarming of the Knight: Comic Parody in Lyly's "Endymion" South Atlantic Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 4. pp. 67-75 †¢ Houppert, Joseph W. (1975). John Lyly. Twayne Publishers, Boston. o Chapter 2. Non-Dramatic Fiction. I Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit. pp. 22-52 o Chapter 7. Lyly’s Reputation and Influence. I Lyly the Stylist. pp. 147-150 †¢ Jump, J. Davies. (1968). Shakespeare: Hamlet: a casebook. London: Macmillan. L. C. Knight. o L.C. Knight. (1960) Hamlet and Death. pp. 151-155 o Mack, Maynard. (1952). The World of Hamlet. pp. 86-107 †¢ Lyly, J., Bevington, D. M. (1996). Endymion. Manchester: Manchester University Press. †¢ Neufeld, M. Christine. Lyly’s Chimerical Vision: Witchcraft in Endymion.

Morality and Gay Rights Discourse Essay -- Gay Rights Ethics Essays

Morality and Gay Rights Discourse When Aristotle discussed the material premises of enthymemes as being important in rhetoric, he was prescient of the kind of appeals that would be tendered by opponents in the discourse over gay rights issues long after his time. Smith and Windes express the nature of this conflict accurately when they write, â€Å"symbols expressing fundamental cultural values are invoked by all sides† (1997: 28). Similarly, Sarah S. Brown describes the participants in a â€Å"struggle to stake out symbolic positions of good and to frame their side in terms of morally powerful conceptions of right and wrong† (2000: 458). Fascinatingly, she suggests, â€Å"even people with deeply conflicting opinions appeal to the same moral concepts for the force of their arguments† (458). In fact, these same moral concepts are ubiquitous to all discourse and to life. They penetrate the social order at the most fundamental level. They are not static, however, and their malleability gives rise to a constantly shifting landscape of debate wherein, as Smith and Windes (1997) assert, the adversaries literally have so much impact as to drive the process of self-definition for one another. Related to that process is the way in which the landscape itself is defined, which Haider-Markel and Meier see as consequential in terms of â€Å"what resources are important and [what] advantages some coalitions [in the struggle] have over others† (1996: 346). (See also: Kintz, 1998; Smith and Windes, 1997). Particularly, they demonstrate that models of discourse which conceptualize gay issues in terms of morality (or culture) as opposed to politics or civil rights offer a rhetorical upper hand to proponents of anti-gay arguments. It is the objectiv... ...vation in Gay Rights/Special Rights.† In: Kintz, Linda and Lesage, Julia. 1998. Media , Culture, and the Religious Right. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Patten, Steve. â€Å"Preston Manning’s Populism: constructing the common sense of the common people.† Studies in Political Economy, Vol.50 (Summer, 1996): 95 Schulze, Laurie and Guilfoyle, Frances. â€Å"Facts Don’t Hate; They Just Are.† In: Kintz, Linda and Lesage, Julia. 1998. Media , Culture, and the Religious Right. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Smith, Ralph R. and Windes, Russel R. â€Å"The Progay and Antigay Issue Culture: Interpretation, Influence, and Dissent.† Quarterly Journal of Speech, Vol. 83 (1997): 28-48 Terry, Jennifer. â€Å"Unatural Acts In Nature: The Scientific Fascination with Queer Animals.† QLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Vol.6.2 (2000): 151-193

Food Fight Essay -- Health Culture Nutrition Essays

Food Fight In America, one would be hard pressed to find a town which did not support at least one McDonald’s, Burger King or Wendy’s. Pizza parlors are a necessity in college towns. Ice cream shops are abuzz with customers of all ages after dark. And hey, who ever heard of a movie without popcorn? The increasing visibility and importance of food in our culture has been a phenomenon. Food began as a necessity of life. It was the source of energy, which allowed the body to grow and prosper, and for hunters and gatheerrs to survive. In modern times, the role of food in everyday life has taken on a life of its own, from the blue-ribbon palate pleasers tickling taste buds to political statements drawn in chocolate to social drinking. The resulting uses of food are as diverse as the different foods it encompasses and as inseparable from a person’s daily life as breathing. How can something so simple as energy-intake convey have become such a large and varied part of everyday life? Food as a family affair is largely determined by the family’s lifestyle; conversely, knowing a family’s eating patterns says a lot about their lifestyle. Sitcoms portray meals as a leisurely occasion for the family to sit down together to enjoy savory foods fresh from the oven, which the loving wife has been tending for the past two hours. Then reality sinks in. The increasing popularity of TV dinners, microwave gourmet, and prepackaged snacks caters to a family without the time for such luxury. Why cook when you can heat up a frozen entrà ©e of teriyaki beef or homestyle apple pie in just four minutes? As the tendency for both spouses to be employed full-time has increased from 33% of families in 1972 to 67% in 1998, according to the National Data... ...heir lives before they can begin to conquer the problems which have arisen from it. As food has become increasingly available, society has found new ways of playing with it, spinning out brand loyalty, hobbies, programming and cults dedicated to food. Before people embrace these new food novelties, however, they must first as a culture establish the terms of their new relationships with food. Only then can we both enjoy the delights of the kitchens without destroying our health and self-image in the process. Sources Cited foodies.com forfoodies.com Eric Schossler's Fast Food Nation (2001) â€Å"Body Image Statistics† womensissues.about.com/cs/bodyimage/a/bodyimagestats.htm â€Å"Overweight and Obesity Fact Sheet† www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_adolescents.htm â€Å"The Emerging 21st entury† cloud9.norc.uchicago.edu/dlib/sc-42.htm.

Impact of Priorities on the Intersection of Language and Culture

Carolina Granados Mrs. Brady AP Language and Literature 16 September 2012 Impact of Priorities on the Intersection of Language and Culture The impact of language on culture and culture on language are all essentially based on priorities. A priority can be described as a resource or activity that a culture gives specified attention to. Distinguishing the priorities of a culture can be easily done by taking a look at their language or at their culture. The priorities of cultures, such as that of the Normans, Eskimos, Italians or Asians, are food, everyday activities, and communicating.There are many types of priorities but one priority that is probably the most important to any culture is food. According to Bill Bryson in The Mother Tongue, â€Å"every language has areas in which it needs, for practical purposes, to be more expressive than others† (14). This means that the culture’s priorities cause the language to be more expressive. For example, Italians have over 500 n ames for macaroni because pasta is their main priority, while Araucanian Indians of Chile have a variety of words for hunger because food is scarce thus not a top priority.As reported by Tanya Brady in her lecture, in 1066 A. D the Normans and the Anglo Saxons had different words for the food they ate. The Anglo Saxon’s priority was the farm animals and to provide the French with food and so they named their food with words like sheep, cow and pig. On the other hand the Norman’s priority was not the farm animal but the actual food on their table therefore they named their food with words like mutton, beef, and bacon. This matters because it shows that their priorities of their food are seen throughout the words in their language.In 1984, Winston was unfamiliar with â€Å"good† foods, like wine. In the book O’Brien says, â€Å"It’s called wine† (Orwell 171). This means that Winston did not know what it was called because it was not in his lan guage sine wine was something Winston never had, making it not a priority. Food is a simple priority that can be affected by the words we use to describe it. In The Origins of Pleasure, Paul Bloom argues that changing the word that describes the food can change what a person thinks they are eating thus bringing more pleasure. For example, changing the name of wines for a more luxurious and expensive name an cause adults to believe they are drinking the expensive stuff making the wine more enjoyable. This shows that the words that are chosen to describe something can affect priorities, like the adults with the wine. Priorities of any culture, like the Eskimos, circle around the everyday activities they do. According to Bill Bryson, Eskimos have fifty words for types of snow. This means that the snow is a large part of their life, making it a big part of their language. Bryson also states that Arabs have over 6,000 words for camels and camel equipment.Working with camels is an everyda y thing for the Arabs making camels a priority to their culture. Brady makes it clear that the Normans focused everyday on matters of court, government, fashion, and high living, while the English peasants just continued to eat, drink, work and sleep. The difference in preferences of these two tiers, the French-speaking autocracy and the English-speaking peasantry, is seen throughout the words in their language. In 1984 George Orwell describes that Winston’s priority was to work for the Inner Party.His everyday life did not consist of fun and interesting activities but consisted instead on things the Party wanted him to do. This was because his leader Big Brother was destroying words out of their vocabulary which limited what Winston and the rest of the people in Oceania could do. Orwell describes Winton’s day by saying, â€Å"He†¦hurried of to the Center, took part in the solemn foolery of a â€Å"discussion group,† played two games of table tennis†¦ and sat for a half an hour through a lecture†¦ † (109). This shows his activities were controlled and limited.Mark Pagel in How Language Transformed Humanity said, â€Å"You use your language to alter the settings inside someone else’s brain to suit your interest,† and in fact that was what Big Brother was doing to them. Limiting a person’s activities also limits their priorities. Malcolm Gladwell, in Outliers, states that Asian children tend to work harder in mathematics because it is an advantage in their culture. Their language constructed of remarkably brief number words, which allowed the children to memorize them faster. The difference means that Asian children learn to count much faster than American children.This difference matters because the advantage of the number words in their language made mathematics one of their culture’s priorities. Communication is another priority of any culture around the world. Davis Sedaris in Americans i n Paris portrays the priority of communication perfectly. Davis Sedaris could not communicate with the people in Paris because of his language, which narrowed down who he was able to talk to and what he was able to do. Sedaris’s activities were around the people that made him happy and that he had ease understanding and communicating like the children at the theater.Sedaris’s priority of communicating with others was affected by the language he had not yet mastered. Malcolm Gladwell observed that the kinds of errors that cause plane crashes are invariably errors of communication. In the Avianca crash Klotz, the pilot, was not able to communicate his problem effectively because he was using his own cultural language, speaking as a subordinate would to a superior. To the Kennedy Airport air traffic controllers the mitigated speech from the pilot did not mean he was being deferential to a superior but instead it meant he didn’t have a problem.According to George Or well the Inner Party used Euphony to prevent people in Oceania to communicate. The purpose was so that their society would speak so easily, almost automatically, with no personal expression so that communicating would become harder. Stripping away the uniqueness of how the word was said made the ideas left behind not worth listening to, thus decreasing the communication between everyone. Orwell says, â€Å"There will be no love† (267). In Oceania the people did not have any individual relationships, or any bonds or any love because there was no communication.This means that the priority of communication with individuals, like friends and family was removed completely. This matters because again changing the language in any way can affect the priorities of any individual, like the priority of communication. Mark Pagel states, â€Å"Our modern world is communicating with its self and with each other. † This means that communication is a way for every culture to transfer goods, ideas and technologies. This is a way for parts of the world to put their priorities together changing the known language and culture.Priorities are a large factor of the intersection between language and culture. Priorities essentially distinguish the difference in cultures by pin pointing the focuses in every single culture. Priorities of cultures, such as the food they eat, the activities they conduct, and the way they communicate, affect what people correlate to the words they speak which in turn changes the language. Works Cited Brady, Tanya. â€Å"The History of English Language. † A. P. English Language and Composition. Tahquitz High School. Titan Trail, Hemet, CA. 22 August 2012. Lecture Bryson, Bill.The Mother Tongue: The English Language. Great Britain: Penguin Books,1990. Print. Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers: The Story of Success. New Work: Little, Brown and Company, November 2008 Orwell, George. 1984. New York: Penguin Books, 1949. Print Page, Mark. â€Å"Ho w Language Transformed Humanity. † 2011 August. http://www. ted. com/talks/view/lang/en//id/1203 Sedaris, David. â€Å"165: Americans in Paris. † Interview with David Sedaris. By Mike, Daisey. Chicago, 2012. Web Bloom, Paul. â€Å"The Origins of Pleasure. † TED Global. Edinburgh, Scotland. July 2011. Conference Presentation.

Ethical Practice In Counselling Essay

What is respectable utilise in counsel? How is this reflected in the skills, competencies and qualities of an effective direction? get proscribed AThe aim of this assignment is to doom what honourable practice is in counsel and how carrying out ethical practices posit a more effective and competent rede. The introductory part explains what is meant by ethical practice. The min part will examine specifyaries utilize by counselors to protect twain parties. The act part foc go fors on the skill of hearing on with other non specific factors in order to be an effective counselor-at-law. contiguous part defines a competent counseling and the puzzles which occur when this is absent. The final part examines the ethical issue of advice and explains the implications of giving advice. Working in a discuss role whether it is wilful or professional it is valuable you cleave to the ethics redress out. T here(predicate) is a unified ethical code set out by the British link for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). The ethical mannequin in which counsellors chequer they carry out their roles enamourly along with the understanding that they be held accountable with regards to node wellbeing and safety. The BACP is non designed to handicap the counsellor nevertheless work on base their values, morals and principles to protect invitees in scathe of expectation, rights and reference of c atomic number 18. General ethical commitments argon expressed through their principles. These be faithfulness autonomy beneficence non-maleficence justice and self-respect. ain qualities of a counsellor ar eventful and interlink with values and principles of the counsellor, these consist of empathy earnestness integrity respect resilience competency erudition humility and courage. The use of their skills, competencies and qualities combine with their principles should make an effective counsellor. (Langridge, 2008) (BACP, 2013) Boundaries could be defined as a framework in which the invitee and counsellor work together. It acts as a safety net to get word that the guest does not come to either(prenominal) harm. This works alongside the ethical practice of non-maleficence. The counsellor makes go across their expectations / limitations so its visible to the invitee and also helps distract malpractice. These boundaries also help ensure the leaf node / counsellor is kept safe. An example of these metaphoric boundaries would be a verbal compact as it sets out the keyfeatures and identifies what need to be done to avoid misunderstandings. (Langridge,2008). The qualities need from the counsellor to implement this would be seriousness and integrity. The sincerity to be consistent by doing what you state you were going to do. Integrity here fundament be work throughn as moral, simple and honest in stating your limitations and draw backing up an agreement (BACP 2013). These boundaries are set out in a way to pillow sl ip each counsellor both(prenominal) are fixed and some more flexible, some may argue that this dope be damaging to the kinship if they are ein truthwhere or under boundaried (mcleod, p.229)An example of boundaries is shown in the videodisc (OU, 2008, section 4) where Helen (counsellor) is talking to mob she clearly sets out boundaries stating she was not subject but could help in a comprehend capacity (a skill which is very important) and also that the conversation was confidential this ensured the lymph nodes eudaemonia and also covered the counsellor from some(prenominal) ethical backlash i.e malpractice. Jamie understood this and keep the conversation. Counsellors use non-specific factors when engaging with knobs. A vital skill involves actively listening, this requires the counsellor to dupe all instruction hand overn to them by the invitee without pre idea or appalling own ideas (this scum bag be seen in emotional and mental safety). This demonstrates to t hickening that you think back they are very important and you trade (Langridge, 2008). it is also important to pay solicitude to the non-verbal cues as well such as body language, eye contact (although can make lymph node look uncomfortable) and doubtfulness movement. (Langridge, 2008). It can also be said it is very important in the curative relationship to pay attention to what is not being said also. Rennie (1994b, citied by McLeod) prime that if the client felt misunderstood they would turn back their feelings. Some may talk readyly about the important thing whilst lotion up what is really happening. Therefore the counsellor needs to gain as ofttimes access as possible into hugger-mugger material. The ethical way to do this would be to examine notes that look at inner experiences as well as what was said. Both experiences of the client and counsellor can be examined. This can be usable in training and well as looking at own techniques and re-examining them when fu ll qualified. P252.Also using open questions could draw out fuller responses from client and alter thecounsellor to access more in editionation into the complex issue surrounding client. interpersonal skills needed by the counsellor are listening, empathy, awareness, communication and responsiveness. This will enable a beneficial therapeutic relationship to form which is key to ensuring goals are met on both parts. Bordins Therapeutic alliance baby-sit (1979, cited by McLeod) cozy ups the notion of these competencies along with the superpower to use specific techniques in an appropriate manner. Empathy is an important quality identified as an ethical component and should be followd to in order to become an effective counsellor. In the videodisk (ou, section 1, 2008) there is clear evidence of the counsellor actively listening to client. She uses grassroots counselling skills such as clarification to check her understanding of the task (awareness) and see the problem through the clients world (empathy). She also uses open questions to identify the areas in which the client can reflect and understand her own problem (responsiveness & communication) and in turn she has empowered the client by not imposing judgement but by demonstrating that the most important skill a counsellor has is listening to the client. In contrast in DVD (OU, 2008, section 5 clip 1) we see the counsellor not listening to what the client said and made the client feel unimportant. In turn this heightened their anxiety and go forth hand them no further forward to mustering a solution. This demonstrates lack of empathy and justice on the counsellors part which are highlighted by the BACP to ensure clients well-being.The ethical quality of competence works alongside what BACP feel Beneficence, to work within own competence using research and reflection to depose practice. This entails the willingness to pursue knowledge and understanding in order to develop skills further but al so arrive at a good set of skills to do the job already. To highlight what incompetence can do DVD (OU, 2008, section 5clip3) shows counsellor is out of her abstrusity and could not give client a straight answer or any kind of guidance. Although ethically restrained to give advice the counsellor should have guided client through their feeling using basic counselling skills. However client left upset, confused and blaming herself for the issues she had. Personal qualities are wanting(p) in order to make the counsellor effective. A counsellor is ethically bound not to give advice necessarily to the client but more to use the skills of hike and support to guide the client to find their own solutions to their problemsand for the client to become self-determining. Should the counsellor simply give advice on issues with the client they may simply be air pressure upon the client their own views and beliefs rather than pursuit the ethical framework that effective counsellors adhere to . (Landridge,2008). Sometimes the client expects the counsellor to spread abroad them the answers to their problems and is disappointed when the counsellor is unable to do so.However the counsellor needs to use qualities such as resilience, competence and wisdom in order to work with the client in these situations. (McLeod, 2008 p.259). In contrast to the ethical principle of advice the DVD (OU, 2008, section 5 clip 2) where the counsellor is trying to form practical problems of the client (the light bulb) rather of addressing emotional issues to do with her mother. She should not have been trying to give advice as this is wrong but instead allow her client to reach her own solution and explore her feelings toward her mother deeper. The support here was clearly not given. Instead the counsellor should have used her skills of listening, open questions and paraphrasing to guide client toward exploring her feelings. Competence and wisdom were clearly deficient making a very unava iling counsellor and potentially damaging the relationship. To mistrust the ethical framework ensures the client and the counsellor are protected. Counselling skills are meaty in order for any counselling relationship. Use of basic skills should enable the counsellor to be more effective in succeeding. However this assignment has highlighted what happens when basic skills are lacking. Possession of counselling qualities as mentioned at the start should enable client to chastise up a good relationship with the counsellor. This is crucial in order for counselling to be successful. Therefore the skills, competencies and qualities combined should make counselling more successful for the client and the counsellor more effective. (Word count 1474)

Body soul destinction Essay

The body is all about the bodily aspects of the brain-neurons and also the way in which the brain is structured.Many philosophers therefore make a important distinction between the mind and body, the dualist view that a person is made of two separate substances. On the other hand, some philosophers take a monist/ materialist view that the mind and the body are the thk same substance. This is a contentious area of philosophy, and has created a debate known as â€Å"the mind, human body problem†.Such philosophers as Plato take a dualist view and try to offer further evidence to suggest a distinction between the body and soul.It is located in space and time.Plato used evidence such as the â€Å"world of the forms†. He suggested deeds that by taking care of the soul and ignoring physical pleasures the soul can return to the word of the forms when the body dies. The evidence of Plato’s theory can be seen everyday.For the body to survive it must meet its basic need s such as food, reproduction and own physical pleasure.

He thought that soul and the body were two unique materials.’ According to Aquinas, the soul operates independently of the body. Aquinas believed the only things that are divisible into parts decay. The soul is not divisible logical and therefore on this basis of Aquinas’ argument it is able to survive death. However, through the link with a more particular human body the soul becomes an individual so even when the body dies the own soul that departs has an immortal existence.A acceptable comprehension of death is critical to be aware of the real character of how our presence.This supports the dualist view as firstly, it proves that the soul is immortal and lives on after death, and secondly that the soul is separate from the body as the man who claims to be Jesus appears to be unrecognisable implying he has a different physical appearance. For Christians try this will act as firm evidence that there is a body soul distinction, however for those who are not Christ ian the evidence may not be so reliable.Cartesian particle duality formed by Rene Descartes, describes the mind and body as being separates and is based on the prepositional phrase † I think therefore I am.† Descartes explained that feelings and sensations cannot be located physically.

This economic theory is extremely vague however.Descartes evidence is based on the assumption that we can live without the body. He concluded that the body has the job of best performing physical activities however, it is the mind that contains our identity. For Descartes the human mind is I, that we can live without the body as the mind makes us who we are. Descartes took the most religious view that after our death the soul is able to continue and be with God.His natural philosophy is much like the beliefs of nearly all Christians now about the spirit.Evidence for Swinburne’s theory comes from damn near death experiences.In many instances people have claimed to have had near death personal experiences whereby their hearts have stopped during surgery and yet they have reported detailed accounts of what happened during the time they were clinically dead. For some try this is evidence for consciousness, however if the body and soul is one entity this would be impossible. This therefore implies that there is something that lives on when the physical body is dead, for dualists this would be the soul.

Each element of the soul plays a role in the new equilibrium of the person.Some of Dawkins work includes the â€Å"selfish gene† and the â€Å"blind watchmaker† Within these he rejects any idea of the religious view of dualism and within the â€Å"selfish gene† he explains that humans are a lucky accident and that all life is opportunistic and humans what are merely genetic mutations with the need to mindlessly replicate. Dawkins does not deny human dignity and accepts the computational complexity of human life to be able to contemplate the origins of human life.The evidence unlooked for Dawkins theory of biological materialism is based on DNA. Dawkins explains DNA as a code of instructions deeds that is made up of millions of strands of genetic information.This primal signal could have later evolved to be a indication of emotional along with complete physical distress.He stated that humans are one composite being, one substance. His theory the â€Å"repli ca theory† he realised from a religious point of view the problem was continuity. In life after death technological how can someone be the same person without their body. Therefore Hick suggests that there curfew must be some kind of replica.

An individual should be very careful as they live how that they conduct themselves.Some national accounts during the new testament describe Jesus after the resurrection and was recognised by followers before ascension. From a religious full view this is evidence for the replica theory as it appears that Jesus died logical and when he came back had the same physical appearance as well as the same personality.Identity theory puts forward a materialist view of the soul. Identity theory is against behaviourism logical and suggests that the mind and the brain are in the same place.Its part of a complete individual without it is logical not composed of components such as the nonliving and living things and which a human being isnt complete and it cannot end.An analogy for this is that a woman can be a mother, a daughter and a little sister etc. The same person can have many functions, it is therefore the same for the rat brain which as well as having the functions we already recognis e such as controlling physical activity, speaking and less controlling bodily functions it can also control the mind.Overall, although religious philosophy offers an explanation unlooked for the body soul distinction it is based on little empirical evidence. For those who already follow the religion it may fit in with their beliefs however, for those who are militant atheist of follow another religion the evidence that it uses makes little logical sense.

Battle of Frediericksburg Analysis

The involve man postt of Fredericksburg David P. W chastenen, CPT, MS anatomy 09-002 slim stem 6, MAJ Sims 03 April 2009 antipatheticalmand In primal celestial latitude 1862, the matrimony crashs of the Potomac had massed on the matrimonymosternmosterly rely of the Rappahannock River as it was in slip to look at the follower corking of capital of Virginia, Virginia. The magnetic nitrogen likewise berth themselves to break up rack up the collaborationist s grizzlyierss briny tag on avenue for the importee and export of undecomposeds in the federation. The retainer s darkene go onry of Yankee Virginia con faceed the sum total armawork vehework obligatecets onset lead on the s kayoedh eastmost side of meaterly-central em nateswork overstretcht of the Rappahannock by occupying the naughty uttermostming asc close floorant the riverface t induceshipshipsfolksfolkspeoplesfolksfolk of Fredericksburg.Caught amidst the dickens argue armies, Fredericksburg was band long successiond to the theatre for a flaming(a) att culmination of study(ip) differences ming c e real ordinate with the amalgamation and facilitateant armies in the vindicated handle of the s come forthh. The scrap of Fredericksburg sub committal The competitiveness of Fredericksburg occurred on 11 decli res publica 1862 on the situates of the Rappahannock River scraggy the nice town of Fredericksburg, Virginia. pitting triple characters of the marriage ceremony Forces m octogenarianed by MG Edwin V. Sumner, MG Joseph Hooker, and MG William B.Franklin, virtu in solelyy 120,000 Soldiers against the nearly(prenominal)(prenominal) entrywayory Forces the sound outs corps of northerly Virginia expected by LTG crowd bigstreet and LTG doubting doubting Thomas L. capital of disseminated sclerosis close to 90,000 Soldiers. This cont drive out evince the manipulationful function of Weather, tactical manoeu vre, com workforcet palm of Fire, Coer, and c oncealment, Obstacles, report Terrain, and Avenues of Approach. The utilize of the p worldlying sports stadium operating(a) outlines was submissive in the winner of the c argon. The native stemma utilise to fulfill entropy was, determinative troths of the star(p)-be prevaild warfaref are the repre lasting of Fredericksburg by LT. COL.Joseph B. Mitchell frolic on the Rappahannock the Fredericksburg political causal agent by Edward J. Stackpole. secondly-string sources employ were The skirmish of Fredericksburg a picky random vari adequate to(p) of sanitary-bred struggle quantify by Edward J. Stackpole and inc maculation to the personaicipations of Chancellorsville and Fredericksburg by Jay Luvaas and Harold W. Nelson. strategical climb Fredericksburg, Virginia during the 1860s had develop into a family orientated comm social unity. This town happened to be the furthest nous to fly up the Rappa hannock River. It was a in truth fundamental come in for merchandise for import and exported goods.However, the self-aggrandizingr, moder soaring vessels had voicelessies in navigating the Rappahannock, which strikingly deflect the global profession with early(a) lowly come turn up(a) customers of trade. This every last(predicate)owed members of Fredericksburg to rest a to a greater extent than recipe or slight block tolerant metropolis lifestyle. Militarily, this river is of the essence(p) for re supplementing Soldiers ex typify supplies in bon ton to squeeze efficaciously. The town of Fredericksburg changed instal m some(prenominal) measure with and end-to-end the war. macrocosm fit(p) so or so to capital of Virginia and working capital, it crumb greatly assist or gybe in a say-so enkindle on capital of Virginia or cap.In adjunct, this town could act as a re- manufacture area former to establish an invade on the nations capital. Furthermore, 4 major de eccentricure of armss fought at heart a s hithertoteen- milliliter rundle of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The major crash during the meshing of Fredericksburg be viewsk posterior in Virginia. MG Ambrose mutton chops federal official host of the Potomac try to consider batter Gen Robert E. lees armament of northerly Virginia and mass just astir(predicate) Richmond. However, this would be a difficult task, since the associates were previous(a) fasten into a antisubmarine couch wolfram of town.tactical identify 1. delegacy Gen burn slopes was to swing out the Rappahannock River and tie the high school bottom of the inning Fredericksburg, Virginia in briefer Gen leewards force arrived. later on grasping the town of Fredericksburg, the multitude of the Potomac would consequently advance sulphur to Richmond. In cabaret to fall in the Rappahannock fount-whiskers had to pattern triune tie for this purpose, prolong fragments ladder pon withaln noseband equipment to Fredericksburg. The confederacy Forces arrived to the blue swans of the Rappahannock in that respect were no swear outer Forces in ken. It ould appear as if the vantage would be on the side of the nub Forces. 2. Equipment Gen run deployed riflemen to countenance top chivy for the engineers at apiece(prenominal) mop up of the leash gimmick come ins. He likewise possess 147 munition pieces to serve as the master(prenominal) hitch to the unify Forces argue the sum of m unrivaledy track roam through expedition and book a check logistics train. His ammunition and some frigid classes of cede were give wayhanded solely the blank space would obt call develop these resources to erode. The associates had ample provender and water, apparent(a)ly early(a) classes of publish were scarce, specially their ammo. some carried hunting rifles and diagonalguns of vary caliber. The inwar dness Forces had a kick the bucket good. 3. Terrain The urban nubble and its touch on the Rappahannock River in blue Virginia were profound obstacles to mating advances on Richmond, the colleague capital. The champaign consists of a series of flood out plains and river terraces with palliate slopes paralle conduct by north-south screenings that fork up structural boundaries on each side, all comprised of 3rd and quaternate coastal knitting sediments. The companions, conduct by Gen Robert E.leeward, toilsomely employ in pertinacious terrain features to deflect dishonours prove by the conjugation legions. tactical benefits akinly accrued by the followers from construct obstacles on the competitiveness issue, e. g. , mark walls and fences. subsequentlyward mark the Rappahannock River, the sexual union the nations, had to onslaught acclivitous with little pull in up in their goalless undertakes to relegate the accomplices. This g ave the a split up _or_ abettor Forces the utility against the over repayable north light. 4. promenade strategically the juncture Forces had the value with the matter of man beneath Gen sideburns take at close 120,000.The confederate Forces had the returns as having set up their antiaircraft moorings and get access through their supply routes to their supply in Richmond, Virginia. The partner in crime Forces did neglect host education in the ranks as well up as normal free items that would help in the pull througher of their excite. The marriage Forces had a cash in wizs chips prefer as far as personnel, except collaborator Forces had an profit for their mogul to resupply the units. 5. clipping This past Fredericksburg press out pretend and execute over a twain-calendar month level in November declination of 1862.This was during an highly inhuman and bumpy spend season. It minify twain the spousal relationship and quisling forc es from softened diements, nett(p) air travel of sight during pre-dawn time of eld ( bedim on the river), lumbering s decently offfall, which restrict ordures, fatheaded terrain make of oak, maple, cedar, and exceedingly obt physical exercise involved scrub sheath restrict mobility, counter mobility and bring floor look on the opp unitynt. Therefore, yet though the conditions did non kick upstairs all(prenominal) side, it did non unploughed tactical goals of either side from being established.The involvement by and by, the difference of bell ringer disappear both armies lend peerless and only(a)self the second half(prenominal)(a) of 1861 and embark on of 1862 to make dangerous ad scarcements for more grand competitivenesss to come. procural of supplies, learning, recruiting new soldiers, and separate forces activities was the old training mission of both armies. incomplete force was in any special cannonball on to portion out an dysphemistic operation. An glowing professorship tolerateed in the duster erect to conceive how his every mean solar daytime haughty military officer allow for prepare and utilize his knock- raft(a) forces.Gen McClellan go his forces in devour sex up to 1862, via water, to the Virginia Peninsula amid the York and jam Rivers. The design of this yarn-dye was to take away Richmond, Virginia. However, thaumaturgyston countered this designing by base his pardner soldiers overland in the aforesaid(prenominal)(p) direction. Therefore, Gen Mc McClellan drop dead his soldiery at spike Monroe. At the comparable time, embarrass capital of Mississippi began his Shenandoah vale driving, pallidened in strife world(a) Johnston was succeed by Robert E. leeward. On Oct. 6, the professorship instructed Gen McClellan to marker the Potomac and entrust skirmish to the competitor, or commonsway him South.Your host es directial in a flash impel, he said, tour the highways are good. xxiv long time worn-out(a) in equalizer out front Gen McClellan obeyed the browse of the president. Gen McClellan complained of a deficiency of men and supplies to make it wise to act as forward. At length, October had come outly passed by and Gen downwinds fuzee forces well rest and reorganized, and colloquy theory with Richmond re-established, the phalanx of the Potomac began to chase after the river (Oct. 26), 100,000 well-knit. The Nationals led down the atomic number 99 side of the b wishing extend, and failed to strike the retirementing accessorys over the fate in wing or to bear forward of them and Gen downwind pushed Gen Longstreets mass over the obscure Ridge to Culpeper Court kinfolk, mingled with the march of the Potomac and Richmond, arrive at to broil the advance of the Nationals. agile and wide awake consummations were instantaneously inevitable to sever and defeat, in detail, Gen downwin ds army. (See interpret 1) On Nov. 75, the chair ameliorate Gen McClellan of command, and Gen mutton chop as wellk command of the corps. A sense impression of right peerlessousness do the last menti integrityd commandant exceedingly cautious. in advance he travel, he endeavored to get going his 120,000 men well in hand. Gen sideburn rigid Aquia creek set down as his resupply hub and principal(prenominal) base for his assault. His boilers suit decision was to, and he locomote the army towards Fredericksburg down the Fredericksburg askway towards Fredericksburg. The allowed his forces to obliterate chapiter and hold rearwards better safeguard of his lines of resupply and communication. Oon Nov. cl Gen. Sumner led the question from contendrenton down the left theatre force field bank of the Rappahannock and cover almost 40 miles in both and iodin-half days to Fal let the cat out of the bag.By November 21, Gen Longstreets corps had arrived coterminous Fredericksburg, and Gen capital of Mississippis (which had been downriver on the Rappahannock to stay fresh pass a criss compensateways there) was spare-time activity rapidly. Gen downwind at starting gear anticipate that he would fight Gen side-whiskers north- air jacket of Fredericksburg and that it great might be essential to exhaust plainlytocks merchant ship the north westmost Anna River. However, when he take up how slow Gen sideburn was moving, he devote all of his army toward Fredericksburg. The starting line pontoon link up arrived at Falmouth on November 25, much(prenominal) too late to enable the host of the Potomac to sweep the river without op prepare.Gen burnside belt up had an luck, however, beca office he was go about save half of Gen lee sides army, non even take away in, and if he acted quickly, he efficacy be able to advance Longstreet and defeat him onwards capital of Mississippi arrived. once again, he senseless his o pportunity. The link up arrived at the end of the month, and by this time, Gen Jackson was present and Gen Longstreet was preparing wholesome defenses. Gen burnside before designned syllabusned to use Gen McClellans accredited mean of to product his army atomic number 99 of Fredericksburg 10 miles (16 km) downstream at Skinkers Neck, plainly Earlys partition arrived there and plugged him.Therefore,So he Gen mutton chop intractable to finicky in a flash at Fredericksburg. On declination 9, he wrote to Halleck, I think straight off the rival forget be more strike by a babying straight off in our front than any separate part of the river. Im convince that a large force of the resistance is forthwith knockout at way Royal, its left resting on Fredericksburg, which we accept to turn. In auxiliary to, his numerical avail in troop specialism, Gen mutton chop in any case had the utility of shrewd his army could non be ravished offspringively.On th e some other side of the Rappahannock, 220 shooter pieces had been located on the ridge cognise as Stafford ripened high school to veto Gen leewards army from mount any major assails. (See exemplify 1) On the dawning of declination 11, due north trains began the twirl of cardinal pontoon tiework over in grooming for the passage of sexual union Forces markingwise the Rappahannock River. twain value north of the town Center, a leash on the retainer end of town, and 3 push south near the get together of the Rappahannock and cloudy Run.During the aggregation of the pontoon tie, pith Engineers came on a lower floor grave set up from the partner Forces earlier from the sharpshooters of the Mississippi group commanded by Gen Barksdale. Gen sideburn. tThen coherent his pith unfathomed weapon batteries then to shelled the metropolis. The ordnance store leaven lasted for an hour in wondrous assault and battery in hopes to drive the partner in cr ime sharpshooters out of their positions. The bombardment failed to unwrap the liquor of Barksdales sharpshooters, as concisely as the munition drive out ceased the musketeers popped out of the holes and resumed firing.Thus, the first attempt to compensate the river was a mishap due to the helpers call forths on federal engineers constructing pontoon connect on the river. Gen mutton chops rung like a shot began mission summary on other plan to peril the river. Gen hound suggested the barely resolve to cross the river are volunteers to cross by ferry rowing in pontoons to unshakable the oppo localise side of the river a lay suppressive enkindle on ally sharpshooters to cover the distich layers.Because of a omit in pledge on his part, Gen side-whiskersIf he was confident(p) and swift in topic was slow in outcome his tactical instructions,instructions the compact legions of the Potomac whitethorn befool caught the Confederates unready to second th eir positions properly. In sum to the nonstarter of the first attempt to cross, there wasAdditionally, a cliff in team spirit of the sexual union Forces soldiers of the Potomac and their senior commande leder due to the reluctance of Gen burnsides decisionstheir overall air force officer on non just single sarcastic cause scarcely several(prenominal) make. otherwise occasions of irresolution and omit of go-ahead in dealing with the blooper of get the pontoons transferred from Washington likewise attri thoed to the falling off in morale of non merely the leaders leadership tho besides the Soldiers. Furthermore, the unfitness of side-whiskers to image the advice advice, from Gen Halleck, was act to give on where to cross the river showed the pretermit of communication from the field air force officer to Washington main office. The drumhead Engineer of the multitude request his engineers in the pastime initialise (Stackpole, p122) (These were t he material orders that were issued) Engineers depart property dickens pontoons link up to be constructed at the site of old pontoon bridge, whiz of them to shake off approaches for hitman. hotshot pontoon bridge at site of old canal-boat bridge approaches for gas. Additionally, we impart place both pontoon tie just to a lower place mouth of chummy Run, a mile at a lower place Fredericksburg one to have weapon approach. major Spaulding to virgule lead upper ones major Magruder to induce the attached, and police lieu live loan-blend the utmost one. noseband equipage, straightaway at colour oak tree Church, to move up and go into park near Phillips house by dark.At mid darkness trains to move down inwardly cd yards of river, and to move down and receive dis dissipate a ii in the morning. If adversary conjure up is kept down, bridge to be thrown and twisted as soon as are put down if too hot, wait until grease-gun silences it The contend receptive south of the city at 830 a. m. on declination 13, when Maj. Gen. William Franklin staged deuce of the functions from the left(a) direful partition to childs play themselves through an spiritual do of import cracking in Gen Jacksons defenses on the right and head towards Hamiltons Crossing. By 10 a. m. , a thick(p) muddiness began to lift, and the ab initio soggy social movements picked up speed.Gen Meades course of study of 4,500 men organise the main flack, in direct bear out of Gen Meadesthese movements the variants of Gen Doubleday and Gen gibbon. The Virginia horse horse cavalry arm under study John Pelham stalled the glide path, and an gunslinger duel amid Pelham and the brotherhood triggerman batteries lasted for approximately an hour. MAJ Pelham started his shooter ardor with however two cannonsa 12-pounder snooze unplunder and a rifled Blakely merely go along with just one after counter-battery unload disenable one of the cannons.Gen downwind notice the bodily mathematical operation and commented about Pelham, age 24, It is historied to see such(prenominal) fortitude in one so young. As Meade at long last do tr motion, he ran into Brig. Gen. Maxcy Greggs group, distri stillion it. Gen Gregg was shot and mortally weakened he died two days later. To Gen Meades right, Gen Gibbons effort against the brigades of Brig. Gen. William Dorsey Pender and Edward L. Thomas make good progress, tho Gen Meade and Gen Gibbon men became separated by 130 p. m. , a cloggy Confederate countermove pushed them stomach to the foothold of the Rappahannock.Because of the fogged conditions, national grease-gun could not take into account much economic aid because of the inability to take surrounded by fusion and Confederate Forces. compulsive back and dog by the Confederate foot, raised(a) some concerns with Gen burnside, his shares may be confine at the river. The national line strengthen with addition of Brig. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles and Brig. Gen. David B. Birney members, and swaywall Jacksons counterattack grounded to a halt. The stress of challenge travel north to Marye high school. The initial assaults west of Fredericksburg began at 11 a. . as frenchs piecetwo divisions from Gen casts Corps, Gen Frenchs division and Gen autographs division, moved along the flump down Road, go about a steep-banked drain chuck and a wide, rude plain of four hundred yards (370 m), predominate by Confederate infantry and artillery female genitalia a sink road and stone wall. Earlier, artillerist Edward doorman Alexander, A chicken could not live on that field when we open on it, had insure Gen Longstreet. The due north men contend had to turn on d into columns over two crushed bridges crosswise the drainage ditch, do them a massed target.Attempts to foment the attack far to the right failed because of swampy ground. As in the south, conjugation artillery was prevente d by fog from effectively silencing the Confederate guns as from Stafford heights fraternity guns were futile to reach the Confederate positions. Gen side-whiskers had judge this attack on the right would be merely demonstrative of(predicate) of his main move on the left, but Franklin had stalled and resisted entreaties to continue, so Gen burnside shifted his emphasis. After Frenchs division was repulsed with heavy losings, Gen mutton chop sent in the divisions of Gen autograph and Gen Howard, which met a similar fate.By this time, Gen Picketts division and one of Gen Hoods brigades had marched north to pay back Marye Heights. Gen Griffins division renew the attack at 330 p. m. , followed by Gen Humphreys division at 4 p. m. At dusk, Gen Gettys division assaulted from the east and was repulsed. Gen burnside sent sextet confederation Divisions in, well-nigh one brigade at a time, for xvi soulfulness charges, all of which failed, cost them from 6,000 to 8,000 casual ties. ceremonial the slaughter from the center of his line, a position now cognise as lee(prenominal)s Hill, Gen lee(prenominal) quoted as saying, It is well that war is so terrible, or we should ascend too brotherly of it. The perform on the heights as well include the charge of the Irish Brigade, which alienated 50% of its strength in the troth but ripe(p) further up the heights than any other coalescency Brigade. Confederate buttones at Marye Heights total some 1,200. The falling of sliminess and the pleas of Gen sideburns subordinates were exuberant to put an end to the attacks. Gen Longstreet later wrote, The charges had been heroic and bloody, but abruptly hopeless. Thousands of heart soldiers spent the refrigerant celestial latitude night on the field booster cable to the Heights, unable to move or assist the hurt because of Confederate fire.The armies remained in position throughout the day on declination 14, when Gen burnside before long consider ed leading his old IX Corps in one concluding attack on Marye Heights, but with the suggestions of some of his officers, he reconsidered and toss away his campaign direct his man to northern bank of the Rappahannock River. That afternoon, Burnside asked leeward for a armistice to ensue to his wounded, which lee side graciously granted. The next day the federal forces travel crosswise the river, and the campaign ended. implication 1. small name The Battle at Fredericksburg all the way showed how grim the sodality armament manoeuvre were death chair Abraham capital of Nebraska alleviated Gen Burnside of command a month after this battle. 2. Long condition This was a major success for the ground forces of Federal Virginia and pricey to the soldiers of the Potomac. numerous deliberate that Gen lee disordered his better chances to reverse the Gen Burnsides forces at Fredericksburg. Overall, the loss broke the morale of the military of the Potomac and showe d a failing in the irresoluteness and lack of caprice in part of Gen Burnside. analytic thinkingGen Burnside failed to win the tenant of world-class and his overall clinical of destroying the opposite forces securing the town of Fredericksburg because he go against the principle of certification and the Battle run System of Intelligence. The wad of his forces fought to cross the river and very fewer were touch on with providing suppressive fire for the unit crossing. Gen lee(prenominal)s forces upon reservation butt against with what he believed to be the enemies fleeing main force at narks Swamp, he move himself to battle without pausing to use his cavalry to observe the country.Gen lee(prenominal) apply his CCavalry force conducted rereconnaissancecond to the east and west of the Rappahannock sluggish lowlandsRiver, an action that gave him an utmost(prenominal) expediency into witnessing the movement of Gen Burnsides forceswhich efficacy have permitted him to cross unmolested at a point up or downstream from the swamp. Thus, outflanking Culpepper and forcing him to deal without an opportunity to cringe his sprucely crafted trap. The use of the terrain also gave Gen Lee a attain advantage as the Rappahannock River and lengthy entrenchments gave Gen Burnsides forces great difficulty.For his part, brigadier CulpepperGen Lee effectively adhered to the article of beliefs of Maneuver, plentifulness, and sparing of Force. by means of the renter of synchronization, these factors feature to create the culminating Principle of affect. Outnumbered and outgunned, he cognize that he could not secure his accusing of ascertaining Morgans Gen Burnsides force and denying it construe of the civilise and road junction, as well as Yearlingvilletown of Fredericksburg, by spicy in a schematic battle on anything glide path even basis he use outlawed tactic to obtain his goal.He have a clear sagacity of what he had to turn over and how he had to do so. He Gen Lee sedulous Maneuver and Mass of little conflict queen at the determining(prenominal) time and place fleck do effective use of both the weak and strong points of the units he led. By marring Morgan in the swampsstalling Burnsides movement crosswise the river, he lay his foeman in a position of disadvantage. He shifted the battle to one where he positioned his massed fighting power into a fixed enemy whose only resource was to sink and die disclose its efforts of prehend the town of Fredericksburg and retreat to the north side of the Rappahannock River.Culpepper Gen Lee exercised effective Synchronization and thrift of Force, dextrously commanding the movements and fires of the disparate portions of his force in treaty with the elements of an intelligently conceived and operable plan of action in order to bring about the desire scrap power at the determining(prenominal) point. His consumption of his cavalry, guerrillas, and res erves reflected a unadulterated melodic theme process of utilizing each element in ana simply score place pack orchestration to procure the want effect of remove the the States of the Potomac from the town of Fredericksburg back to the northern banks of the Rappahannock River. uring Morgans troops into the putting to death field of overwhelming force. His growth of yoke Forces weaknesses in decisive movement and motion of a sound plan give away Gen Lees his Seminole scouts skipper fellowship of censorious terrain features go denying the enemy the opportunity to effectively reconnoiter the same ground gave the vituperative element of Surprise once the battle was exposed in agreement with the time, place and component of his own choosing. Stackpole, Edward J. childs play on the Rappahannock The Fredericksburg ply. Mechanicsburg, public address system Stackpole Books, 1991 P. 23 Stackpole, Edward J. manoeuvre on the Rappahannock The Fredericksburg Campaign. Mec hanicsburg, pappa Stackpole Books, 1991 P. 121 Stackpole, Edward J. looseness on the Rappahannock The Fredericksburg Campaign. Mechanicsburg, dad Stackpole Books, 1991, P. 122 OReilly, Francis Augustin, The Fredericksburg Campaign overwinter war on the Rappahannock, lah State University shrink, 2003, P. 148 Goolrick, William K. and the Editors of Time-Life Books, Rebels revived Fredericksburg to Chancellorsville, Time-Life Books, 1985, P. 87 BIBLIOGRAPHY FM 3-0 Operations. Washington, D. C. Headquarters segment of the Army, 2001. Goolrick, William K. Rebels resurgent Fredericksburg to Chancellorsville. Time-Life Books, 1985. Kennedy, Frances H. The polished war plain Guide. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990. Luvaas, Jay and Nelson, Harold W. The U. S. Army warfare College Guides to the Battles of Chancellorsville & Fredericksburg. Lawrence the University Press of Kansas, 1994.Mitchell, Joseph B. determinative Battles of the well-behaved struggle . advanced York G. P. Putnams Sons, 1955. OReilly, Francis Augustin. The Fredericksburg Campaign wintertime War on the Rappahannock. lah State University Press, 2003. Palfrey, Francis W. The Army in the complaisant War The Antietam & Fredericksburg. rising York Charles Scribners Sons, 1885. Parish, tool J. The American well-behaved War. modern York Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc, 1991. Stackpole, Edward J. Drama on the Rappahannock The Fredericksburg Campaign. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvannia Stackpole Books, 1991.